Making decisions Essay

Written by Bernard Malamud, â€Å"The Natural† title does place a key meaning to the term, â€Å"the natural† as it is an inspiring baseball story that places a good read. The author discusses several character traits as well as interesting characters that are found in real life. Therefore, â€Å"The Natural† represents its meaning in such a way that it portrays the natural real life characters of America. Furthermore, â€Å"The Natural† by Bernard Malamud is a work different from the rest of the literature he has written. â€Å"The Natural† is a title that portrays â€Å"the natural† baseball craze of Americans; this is something that is very â€Å"natural† in this literature because the game of baseball places a â€Å"natural† exciting feeling within the American public. The craze of the game is absolutely â€Å"natural† and therefore, the author reflects many characteristics and story plots throughout the novel. Therefore, this can be one of the reasons why the title term, â€Å"The Natural† would place the same meaning as, â€Å"the natural. † After reading through Bernard Malamud’s novel, â€Å"The Natural,† I also felt that there were mixed natural feelings of loss and victory associated with the natural life pattern. Malamud highlights on natural traits of man’s emotions throughout the novel where we experience heightened love, sense of victory as well as loss. The beginning of the novel is strange but the story slowly picks up after a span of 15 years where we see the coaches desperately trying to win the baseball game slot. At this particular stance, we sense the â€Å"naturalness† displayed in the story by the author when Roy takes a straight hit at his first ball throw that makes Roy seem very â€Å"natural† at his game. By â€Å"natural† here, we mean Roy’s fluent attempt at his game that makes him the hero of the novel. Though the psychiatrist tries to messes with his mind, a â€Å"natural† instinct is always followed by a sense that shows familiarity as well as fluency with the task that Roy is trying to accomplish. Roy is not a trained baseball player and that is the reason why we would state that Roy’s â€Å"naturalness† in his game is an attribute he has from within. The title, â€Å"The Natural† can also be related to love or infatuation that Roy develops for Memo Paris since his arrival at Knights. Love or infatuation is truly a â€Å"natural† feeling and again, the author maintains the theme of his title that precisely corresponds to the story he is narrating to his audience. Apart from the natural skill of Roy that Bernard Malamud displays in his character, we also come across the natural feeling of love in the story. â€Å"The Natural† truly places an emphasis on its title and the Bernard Malamud knows his choice of the title. â€Å"The Natural† not only displays the realistic aspects of feelings but also skills that the character in the novel is fluent in. â€Å"The Natural† as stated earlier, also displays several characters that show a natural resemblance to real life characters. It is evident to come across beautiful and wicked women in real life and thus, what we read in â€Å"The Natural† too relates to the natural life. Bernard Malamud discusses the several factors that are associated with the natural aspects of one’s life by narrating Roy’s story. Bernard has been extremely entertaining in providing a perfect baseball story that is of â€Å"natural† interest for its readers and the readers comprise of millions of American baseball fans due to the fact that American baseball is the national sport of the country. We further witness how Bernard Malamud tackles the several issues of Roy’s life naturally where victory is definitely a part of one picture and another picture that Malamud represents at the end of the story is the loss. â€Å"Nature† or â€Å"Natural† has different meanings, of which Bernard Malamud has attempted to cover most of the meanings that have been portrayed in the story. Mostly, it is the realism stance of the story that counts in the Bernard Malamud’s narration. The stance of growth and advancement, as in real life, is another sign of â€Å"naturalness† in Bernard Malamud’s text, â€Å"The Natural. † The real â€Å"natural† life also accounts for the good and the bad. We witnessed characters that came from good backgrounds as well as bad backgrounds. Therefore, the realistic â€Å"naturalism† in the novel plays a vital role in giving an insight into the title; that is â€Å"The Natural. † Overall, the themes that can be found in â€Å"The Natural† placed a natural feeling in the heart of the readers. We saw how victory takes place and how the character in the story, Roy faces defeat as well. We also come across the sense of greed that leads Roy to accepting the bribe that made his team lose. The story serves as a valuable lesson for the readers to take the actions and consequences act into account as for every action, there is a consequence. If the action is good, the consequence is good and if the action is bad, the consequence will also be the same. With regards to the title of the novel, â€Å"The Natural†, I agree with it due to its coinciding incidences with the realism of life. The author successfully draws a sense of naturalness in the entire novel thereby making the title, the perfect match for it. Including the themes of love and infatuation, Bernard Malamud completes his story by highlighting on every aspect of human emotions. Bernard Malamud’s style of presenting the story in a realistic manner pertaining to the game of baseball as well as several characters draws a tremendous interest for the readers to look into the realistic factual characters presented by him in the novel. â€Å"The Natural† is a perfect title that applauds victory and sheds light on failure; love and infatuation; the good and the bad as well as choices. This characteristic feature of the novel makes it distinct and unique, the themes of which are truly â€Å"natural† in every sense†¦ LESSON 2: TROY AND ROY COMPARISON Troy and Roy are characters that are similar as well as differ from each other in many ways. Roy had clearly been an achiever in his life, till the â€Å"almost† end. In case of Troy, we don’t see that coming in his life except before he was jailed. Instead, Troy’s life revolves much around his own family and his own past and his own emotional drama. Roy had his love and his piece of infatuation, victory, failure as well as growth throughout the story. We see the same happening in Troy’s case but with a much different note. The only similarity I found through both the characters was their aim to become a baseball player of which, Roy had achieved a permanent status of a â€Å"natural† baseball player while Troy had given up on baseball based on his age. However, in Troy’s case, we didn’t see this aim in his life. Yes- he wanted to become a baseball player, he became the best baseball player but never returned back. He lost the opportunity when he was provided with one. Roy, however, is wise while making his decisions though at the end of the story, he too loses himself towards greed. That is another part of the story. I agree that both the characters have faced setbacks and triumphs in their own way in their respective stories but they cannot be stated as the â€Å"black and white† versions of the same kind of American male. Troy is more of a confused personality who loses opportunities while Roy is an achiever and the only moment he failed was when he was presented a lofty sum by Judge to lose the game or else, it was clear that Roy would have had led Knights to the path of victory. Troy revolves much around his personal life where he is involved with his sons, Cory and Lyons with his wife Rose and his girlfriend, Alberta. His brother Gabriel has a small role to play but Troy’s feelings towards his brother Gabriel where he holds himself responsible for his misfortunes shows Troy’s naive attitude towards understanding issues. Unlike Roy (whose game and success came naturally to him), Troy has an abusive childhood who was abused by his father. Eventually, the same influence and history was repeated by Troy on his other two sons. There is no change of heart throughout the story. We also sense that though there is a considerable time lapse between the lives of Troy and Roy, age didn’t deter Roy from playing baseball again while Troy easily gave up his game. The other similarity that I can state in both the characters is the sense of moral weakness. Troy and Roy are morally weak. Troy cheated on his wife by involving himself with another woman while Roy gives himself in to the bribe by the Judge. Roy’s character is exhibited less emotionally except when he involved himself in love and infatuation. Troy’s character is more on an emotional stance where he has his life and feelings in dilemma since the beginning. Though, both the characters face their actions and their consequences in their own manner, both the stories end with a sad note; Roy with his failure and Troy with his death. However, Troy’s daughter, Raynell does seem like an angel in the story. Troy had imaginarily built fences around his relationships wanting to keep death away from those he loved and those he hated as well. He had built his own boundaries and thus, was an unsuccessful father and even an unsuccessful husband (as he cheats on his wife). Roy’s weakness lies mainly with money and love as he too had a poor childhood and therefore aimed to become a baseball star. Troy is a fifty-three year old man who has built imaginary fences around himself from everyone in his life, including his own wife and therefore cheated on her. Roy, on the other hand, didn’t cheat on him and thus, Troy and Roy cannot be regarded as the black and white versions of the same American protagonist displayed by the two authors. Troy and Roy are similar, but in a smaller sense with each other. They come across misfortunes and in the end, have a sad ending to their lives. Their emotional stance on the events they faced in their lives is different. In both the novel stories, we come across a time lapse that had passed between the characters. Roy, as I believe, is sincere in his motives and is only confused about certain issues in his life. Troy, on the other hand, does not understand the essence of life at all and proceeds with life as it is, without willing to make any changes. Roy, a personality mostly not guided and mistaken, is underestimated though he has had a few bad hits in the baseball game, based on the story. Troy has faced a long hurdle of hardships throughout, especially when he quit his career as a baseball player after going to the prison. We also witness discrimination, apartheid in August Wilson’s play, â€Å"Fences† where Troy is Black and is not promoted for a long time to the position of the driver based on his skin color. We come across no such issue of discrimination in Roy’s case but further, Roy’s foolishness to achieve the woman he wants. Roy is willing to do anything for her and therefore, blindly accepts what Judge offers and thus, lands in a situation where he is a loser. He could have been victorious only if he had used his senses in a stronger way while making decisions (and by not letting his emotional part overtake him). Troy, on the other hand, has his life in a completely irreversible state where Troy’s confidence is completely shattered by the term he spent in prison. Therefore, he couldn’t change what already happened in his life and therefore, didn’t have sufficient confidence to go back to his previous life. Troy and Roy both differ in a great respect but share only some similarities.

Learn a new skill Essay

Work experience is important because it gives you insight into life of the ‘outside’ world. It gives the opportunity of working in a line that can be chosen as a career for future, giving the idea of the qualifications and steps needed to chase for the career you want to adopt. The pleasant news of doing a work experience in year eleven was revealed to me in early spring in 2003. It didn’t really come as a shock to me because my brother had also done a work experience in year eleven and seemed to have enjoyed it and ‘had a time of his life’. In that sense I was eager about work experience and couldn’t wait to plan it. Many people I knew panicked when they heard about doing a work experience. They didn’t have a clue what they wanted to do in future. I, on the other hand, had no problem with that. I had decided when I was seven that I wanted to be a doctor who treats children. It was only recently I found out that this type of a doctor is called a paediatrician. My next step was to hunt some suitable place which was appropriate for the career line I had chosen. I started off by phoning in hospitals. But I couldn’t get hold of the right person so I tried a different route by writing letters but a huge disappointment came over me when I didn’t hear anything from the hospitals. I went to see the work experience co-ordinator and he satisfied me by saying he’ll try and sort something out for me. However, another disturbed news left me nowhere, when I found from my GP that I was under 16 and could not do my work experience in an hospital. I was very shocked and dismayed by this news and suddenly the topic work experience sounded unexciting and old. I didn’t want to talk or discuss about it. I felt a plunge of jealousy in me when I saw that all my friends had got the place they wanted with no problem. They all seemed in high spirits and were all planning what they were going to wear and what buses they were going to catch. I was horrified to see them planning their clothes when work experience seemed months away. But time was ticking on and every minute of the day, I would feel guilt building up inside me for not sorting something out. It was early July and summer was in its full shift. I was bored to death by friends jittering about their work placement that I went to the library where I saw some placements. I couldn’t help noticing that there were many places available in primary schools. I thought well primary schools have children so at least I will have some experience with children. The next minute I find myself writing letters to some of he schools. For the next few days I always lingered around the letterbox every morning, hoping to catch any letters that were for me. But again I was hugely disappointed at the fact that nobody replied. I was tearful and gave up on finding a work placement. On a warm and sticky Friday afternoon, I was watching television when my mum told me that there was someone on the phone for me. Now who could that be, I thought to myself. Well, anyway to my surprise it is fro St. Bernadette Catholic School confirming my placement form 3rd November to 14th November. I was so thrilled that I wanted to tell the whole world. Few days after they sent me a letter explaining all the policies, rules and timings. I would be working with year 4 with Miss Bowen and will start from 8:45am and finish at 3:00pm (on Friday finish at 2:00pm). I was also told that I must wear formal clothing. I didn’t worry transport as it was only ten minutes walk from my house. In the summer holidays, I couldn’t wait to get back to my school. My family were hugely surprised because usually I don’t want to go to school especially with exams which I hate. I was counting days off and in what seemed like million years the Sunday night came. The excitement inside me turned to nervousness. My stomach was already churning. Suddenly I didn’t want to do the work experience. I set my alarm to 7:30am and tried to take an early night but my eyes were sleepless. My senses told me that if I go to sleep I’ll be late for tomorrow. The next sound I heard was my alarm banging in my eardrum. Surprisingly, I wasn’t nervous or anxious anymore. I wanted to do my work experience and felt very mature and grown up. I got dressed and ate my breakfast in no time. I was expected to get to my work placement at 8:30am so I left home at 8:15am. I reached St. Bernadette Catholic School in ten minutes which seemed like ten hours. As I was early the receptionist told me to wait in the waiting room until the supervisor comes. The waiting seemed very elongated. In fact it was a long period. The supervisor came to get me 20 minutes after my arrival by which the school had started. She explained the principles and the policies again to me and another girl from my school who was also on work experience. I was delighted because at least I knew someone who I could talk to. She then took me to my class where I’ll be working for the next two weeks. I felt an abrupt jolt inside me. I prayed to God; please don’t let it be someone awful. God answered my prayers. I realized from the first sight that Miss Bowen was a very pleasant and charming person to work with. She was delightful to have me working with her. She introduced me to the class who seemed very eager to find out my name. In fact the first question that they asked me was my name. Some of them who couldn’t pronounce my name correctly or didn’t know my name, called me ‘Miss’. I felt very awkward because I also called my teachers ‘Miss’ and all of a sudden I turned from a student to a ‘Miss’. I also felt stupid when Miss Bowen told me to call her Laura. It was like as she was my friend. In a way I felt good because they were treating me like adults but the change was so sudden that I couldn’t adopt it. The first thing Laura told me to do was to listen to children read. I was very keen and felt very grown up signing their reading records and telling them what they needed to do for homework. I hadn’t finished listening to children when Laura told me to finish quickly so she could explain my next job to me. I looked up at the clock and was shocked to see that I already have taken fifteen minutes when Laura told me that it will only take few minutes. I realized that in adult life you have to do things in a way so you don’t throw away too much of your time and the jobs are also done efficiently. After finishing with the children, I took down an old display, making sure I don’t upset Laura by ripping any of the display because she needed to use it once more. I had to put up the new display using the staple gun. I was frightened to see that thing. I once used in my home and it was so heavy that I dropped on my foot while I was using it. Since then me and the staple gum have been enemies. I wanted to tell Laura that I didn’t’ want to use the staple gun but a voice in my head reminded me of my mother’s advice; â€Å"you never learn things unless you make mistakes†. Keeping that in my mind I happily invited the challenge. I tried to be confident and starting to put up the display while the children were mesmerised by the sound of the staple gun. When I had finished Laura was satisfied with my work and she wasn’t the only one. Children were content to see their work up and I was pleased to learn a new skill. At break time Laura invited me to the staffroom and told me to help myself to coffee or tea. I didn’t want to disturb my habits and watched the children play like animals; running around each other and little girls playing hopscotch. I couldn’t remember doing any of these things while I was their age or maybe it was the fact that I didn’t want to remember these things.

Humana Case Essay

The purpose of this memo is to analyze Humana’s business model and its spin-off solution. We think Humana’s problems were severe enough to implement restructuring plans within the company. First of all, Humana’s administrative cost ratio was 16.1% and medical loss ratio stood at 85.9% (increased from 84.4% in 1991). The stock price was declining from $34.5/share in May 1991 to $21.63 in May 1992. In addition, the entire hospital industry is suffering losses in the long-term because of increases in operating costs, decreases in average hospital stays (occupancy rate declining to 47%, national average occupancy rate was 69%), and growing competition. The margin is diminishing and the PE ratio is lower in both industry averages. Spin-off is ideal since the hospital industry is shrinking and Humana’s profit from hospital starting to decline. A decision made early will still allow Humana a higher valuation on hospital business. The separate income statement is listed below. As presented, the after-tax net income of Humana Hospital and Health Plan are $314M and $ 41M. After we compare the asset sizes of comparable companies, we decided that the PE ratio for the Hospital business should be 13.0x, equal to that of National Medical Enterprises, as they are closer on the asset size. The PE ratio for Health Plan business should be 17.0x, equal to the average of United Healthcare and U.S. Healthcare, for the same reason. Thus, the value of these two businesses separate will be $4,087M and $694M. The Market value using current PE ratio for the whole Humana Company is $3,550M. Therefore, a spin-off of these two segments (assuming tax rate is 36%) will create an extra value of approximately $1,231M. Humana should assign most of its debt to the hospital business and keep sufficient cash in the health plan segment. According to the exhibits, the proportion of debt distributed to hospital and health plan is 5:1. Health Plan business could expand itself and enjoy further profit and growth, while the hospital business could start eliminating parts that are not profitable or carries much capacity. Kaiser has 6.5 million members and 7700 beds. This means feeding more people into the hospitals and a higher occupancy ratio. Humana has 1.7 million members and 17829 beds, significantly less occupancy. Both of the hospital and health plan industries enjoy higher PE valuation ratio than Humana as a company does, which indicates that this integrating strategy doesn’t fulfill the fullest of their respective potential. There is no other option that’s more sensible since they all have their respective flaws. New price structure compensates their margin to sell more services, yet their hospital’s occupancy ratio will not increase and they will lose on the Medicare deals. Selling off hospitals may help gain profit and independence. However, it will be extremely undervalued (6.0x EBITDA ratio). Leverage buyout is not feasible either because Humana’s marketable securities are occupied, thus no sufficient fund. Stock buyback will not help Humana to deal with hospital section’s occupancy and profitability problem. Finally, the feasibility of ESOP remains uncertain, as it didn’t measure whether employees have the ability to purchase and whether synergy has been compensated.

Employee relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Employee relation - Essay Example The unitary frame of reference is common among managers and it suggests the idea of unity, as the name implies. It means that all people in the organization are collectively working towards one goal with one central authority or managerial team. It also suggests that all the people working in an organization should have well-established ideas regarding the oneness of authority and conflict should be abhorred. In stark contrast, the pluralistic frame of reference suggests that each person working in an organization has varying interest, ideas, preferences, and opinions. There is no unity when responses are conditioned in such a way. Interest groups are formed within an organization and they have to struggle a lot for gaining their particular individual goals. Each group has drastically different interests and the manager’s role is to balance those interests effectively for achieving such objectives that are fruitful for an organization. Trade unions are made by the members of an organization themselves in order to protect their rights, interests and other betterment-oriented objectives. Most of the trade unions operate independently but some remain in constant contact with the employers in order to struggle together for achieving the same goals and desires. Now, the industrial or employee relations are based on the negotiation or discussion of those rights and demands of the employees that they want from their employers. Trade unionism has direct effects on the employee relations and it markedly molds those relations according to the nature of the scenario and the severity of the problems. According to (HRM Guide, 2010), the concept and significance of trade unionism is shifting now. The age of mass production is almost gone now and the present age is of individualism that does not support much the concept of trade unionism. This suggests that trade unionism is on a decline presently in most of the

Crime in the Perception of Right-wing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crime in the Perception of Right-wing - Essay Example Right-wing criminologists fears the uncertainty of criminal behavior on the ground of racism, ethnicity and inequality and labels crime on the basis of social settings. While it is certainly true that right-wing political efforts are not always vague to obey traditional values, it does not follow that right-wing promotes fundamental school of thoughts in ceasing crime. In the course of this paper, we will discuss critically on what grounds crime spreads malaise and to what extent right wing draws a distinct line between causes and efforts to control crime and right-wing criminologist and the moralist. This will be further analysed in the light of critical criminological theory, which elaborate and assesses various efforts done in order to prevent crime. The rest of the analysis will critically analyse right-wing perspectives on violence, thereby locating the roots of criminality in the individual. This analysis will center around the realist aspect of the right-wing criminologists, t hat categorise crime under the heading of 'right realism' and relates more to a realistic view about the causes of crime and deviance than to a particular set of methodological principles. Right-wing criminologists, being strictly conservative perceive criminality in the context of those attempts that control and prevent criminal behavior. Therefore they possess the opinion that suggests solutions to the crime problem as couched in terms of a clear distinction between criminals and non-criminals, such that the behavior of the former has to be visualised as punishable. The contemporary economic and political scenario of any society reveals the extent to which most people are law-abiding and some criminals experience fear and predict an anticipated economic collapse among individuals, during times of economic uncertainty. Since right-wing never consider the economic consequences as the causes to spread crime, they perceive crime as policy-oriented institution which works in the absence of common culture and ethics. While blaming that criminals are due to our permissive social policies that allow unnecessary freedom to our society, they blame immigrants solely responsible for spreading malaise. The claim that right-wing conservatives believe that individuals are solely responsible for their acts and must be punished accordingly, arise two notions. First, that individuals are the cause of events that effect them, and secondly, the fact that individuals are responsible for making the most of the situation, in which they find themselves suitable to commit any crime. This explanation fits into the 'non-native' immigrants' who, robs the social sector from white-collar jobs and social security. Right-wing explanations about crime includes social policies which provides the right-wing thinkers an edge to contemplate upon the notion that by invariably attaching considerable weight to changes in social conditions as methods of 'reducing' crime, we are able to cease crime. Now, 'reducing' crime refers to 'reducing' the number of foreign immigrants to a country, i.e., to strict the

Various Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Various - Coursework Example The founder of Keep a Child Alive Organization, Leigh Blake was inspired to initiate the organization in 2003 after a life changing encounter at an AIDS Research and Family Care Clinic, an institution which she funds, located in Mombasa, a coastal town in Kenya. A single mother named Anne brought her three-year-old son for medicinal care, and she refused to leave the institution until she got â€Å"drugs that you have in the States for your children.† Blake, who had been previously involved in several AIDS campaigns through her musical career background and film career, agreed to pay for the drugs that Anne’s son needed. By so doing this, the Keep a Child Alive idea was cultivated (KCA, 2014). The medications that Anne’s son needed were valued at 12000 dollars a year from New York University AIDS Research Department. It did not take long before word of Blake’s work inspired other artists, film stars, and even medical practitioners. Peter Edge became the fi rst donor and soon after music sensation; Alicia Keys joined the foundation as the Keep a Child Alive Organization (KCA) global Ambassador. In 2003, KCA- Keep a Child Alive foundation was founded officially. The Kenyan clinic that marked Blake`s turning point became a model facility to inspire other facilities in the African continent and the developing third world countries. Keep a Child Alive Foundation focuses on bringing attention of the great AIDS epidemic that threatens and shreds the population of sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of third world developing countries. Keep a Child Alive Foundation`s efforts focus primarily on sub-Saharan Africa since it is the most affected region in the world. The sub-Saharan region of Africa host`s sixty-four percent of all HIV-infected persons. The foundation facilitates access to ARV - Anti-Retroviral Virus- medicines, a wide series of support services which

Pros and Cons of Embedded Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pros and Cons of Embedded Journalism - Essay Example Before acceptance to join the military, reporters sign contracts that give a standard or guidelines of when and what they can report on. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of embedded journalism. Pros First, embedded journalism improves the relationship between the government and the armed forces media. After journalists embedment they become part of the military troop that travels around with them recording their activity in accordance to the agreement. Reporters depend on the military for food, shelter, and protection from the enemy. The regular contacts between the two build trust and reduce the common suspicion that normally exists between the two parties. Both informal and formal settings that develop during the embedment period can result in great transparency because the government and the armed forces will find it easy to pass information freely. Secondly, embedment of journalists allows them to travel with the military watching their every move. They are l ike watchdogs that make the military responsible of their every activity. According to Komarow as quoted in college of journalism and mass communication, US media helped in making sure that the US armed forces were held accountable for bombing an Afghan wedding party. This is after the initial investigators went to the scene together with the journalists for investigations and they unearthed a hidden agenda that in bombing, US armed forces wanted to erase evidence. Pressure from the media caused them to take responsibility (Berens, 2004, p.1). Thirdly, since the embedded journalists can access the battle scenes, they get more information and faster than those removed from the battle zones. Hannah and Baylor concur with this and argue, â€Å"Reporters travelled by aircrafts to and from the battle zones and were free to observe the combat operations† (Hannah, 2007, p.8). With the modern technology then this accessible information can be passed on instantly to other destinations . Fourthly, embedded journalists receive information from different perspectives. Their physical presence allows them to talk to the soldiers, commanders, and talk to the people around the battle filed. Multiple sources of information make interesting stories. Cons Embedding of journalists has so many disadvantages. First, the contract that journalist’s sign with the military hinder them in their reporting. According to Lehrer, â€Å"Before joining their  battalions, the embedded journalists had to sign a contract restricting when and what they can report† (Lehrer, 2012, P.1). Embedding is the driving force behind coverage and embedded journalists can only describe military actions in general terms and they are restricted from reporting on future missions.  Those who opt to stay outside the embedment are not left free since the government to comply at times harasses them. According to Rajan, â€Å"the distinction between patriotism and fair reporting becomes fuzzy in such circumstances† (Rajan, 2005, p.13). Secondly, embedded journalists work hand in hand with the soldiers and depend on them for protection, food and other social amenities. This closeness may hinder proper scrutiny and reporting of foul actions. Fortner and Fackler argues that, â€Å"

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 17

Business Law - Essay Example Long Haul Moving Co. failed to make payments to Acme Box and Container Co. even after the company had manufactured and transported the boxes. Acme thus files a legal suit in which the company accuses Long Haul for breaching the contract. Such is an appropriate move that would settle the case. As discussed earlier, a contract is a legally binding document. As such, the contract alongside will explain the cases of each party thus discovering the liable party. Apparently, Long Haul refuses to pay for the services since Acme did not print the name of the company on the boxes as the two had agreed. With such, Long Haul will defend itself by explaining the box manufacturing company did not meet its obligations thus validating it refusal to make payments. According to the contract, Long Haul Moving Co. described the type and quality of boxes for the company to manufacture. Among the key features, that the company had described and include in the contract was the name and logo imprints. The two are fundamental features of the company. This implies that their placements on the packaging boxes were essential to the company. By failing to place them strategically as described in the contract, Acme Box and Container Co beached the contract thus compelling Long Haul to withhold payments. Another equally important feature of the contract that Acme Box and Container Co. did not meet was the time of delivery. According to the contract, Acme Box and Container Co. was to deliver five thousand boxes on May 1. However, the company did not beat the deadline thus delivering five hundred boxes on June 1. The two are important beaches of the contract and therefore formidable defenses for Long Haul Company. As explained earlier, parties enter the agre ement and promise to uphold the terms of the contract the type of the boxes including the tie of delivery were essential details

Investigation and Report about the sports betting industry related to Essay

Investigation and Report about the sports betting industry related to key issues - Essay Example Moving Overseas 19 7. Conclusion 20 References 21 1. Introduction Sports betting industry in the United Kingdom has gained considerable significance in the economic structure of the country for the past few decades. It is due to the growing participation of the industry in the total earnings of the economy, that the industry is being termed as one of the potential industries of the current and future era. For instance, the total revenue earned from sports betting industry in the year 2007 was valued at ?2.5 billion with more than 10% of the total UK adults participating in the bets regularly (William Hill, 2011). However, the sports betting industry in the UK is currently witnessing a fall in the total revenue earned due to which many betting organisations, such as William Hill, are tending to expand their business in the US and other countries (Davidson, 2011). The discussion of the report will be based on the trends of the UK sports betting industry for the past few years. In this regard the report will focus on describing the expansion and growth trends of the industry considering its performances for the past four years, i.e. 2007 to 2011. The report will further attempt to identify the various factors to influence the potential customers in participating in sports betting. Analysis of these issues is likely to assist in identifying the future prospects of the industry. Furthermore, the report shall intend to analyse the advantages of moving overseas in terms of tax incentives and lower costs. 2. Research Methodology The research method implemented in this paper is based on the qualitative research method. The reason to select qualitative research approach is due to the time consuming and complex nature of quantitative researches. The data in this paper has been gathered from the secondary sources available online. Due consideration has been provided to the aspect of reliability of the data obtained. In this regard, only news, organisational and governmenta l websites have been considered. Although, the findings of the research focuses on the statistical data to reveal facts regarding the Sports Betting Industry of the UK, the discussion of the paper has been based on the descriptive analysis of the findings adhering to the characteristics of qualitative research. 3. The Expansion and Growth of the UK Betting Industry 3.1. Current Structure of the Industry The market value of sports betting industry in the UK is recorded to be almost ?400 million in the financial year of 2010-2011 (UK National Statistics, 2011). It is worth mentioning that the sports betting industry in UK includes itself as a major facet of the gambling industry. It can be well-recognised from the graphical representation of the current data below. [GGY is the abbreviation of Gross Gambling Yield] Source: (Gambling Commission, 2010). Two types of betting operators can be identified in the industry, namely the on-course betting operators and the off-course betting oper ators. The betting industry is regulated by the Gambling Act 2005 (William Hill, 2011). Currently, there are 590 individuals who are provided with the license of on-course betting operators and 681 individuals as off-course betting operators. The industry is subjugated by five top operators, i.e. Ladbrokes, William Hill, Gala Coral Group, Betfred and Tote that contribute over 80% of the total betting shops (Gambling Commission, 2010). The statistical data

Electronic health record (EHR) Literature review

Electronic health record (EHR) - Literature review Example EHRs are very quick as there is no need for any paper-work for documenting and sharing of the information and images. Thus, an EHR plays a vital role in evidence based treatment and decision-making without having to go through the manual process (Williams, 2010; National Institutes of Health National Center for Research Resources, 2006). These enable access to the records even from distant areas by means of online networking. The drawback with EHRs is that these are quite expensive but once implemented, these tend to be very cost-effective. Carter (2008) studied that the concept of EHRs began in 1960s â€Å"with the COSTAR system, developed by Barnett at the Laboratory of Computer Science at Massachusetts General Hospital† (p.7). According to him, the earlier efforts provided models and pseudo types on which current â€Å"hospital-based and ambulatory† EHRs are based upon. Iakovidis (1998) suggested that EHRs can be used as tools for continuity of care and for collabora tive performance of healthcare providers. Many researchers have studied the functionality of EHRs in various contexts. All studies have led to the conclusion that EHRs are a significant contribution to the medical industry since these have modernized the way patients’ data is stored. Poissant et al. ... Research has it that despite significant advantages of EHRs, their adoption rates are progressing rather slowly. Gans et al (2005) conducted a research on the use of EHRs and IT based tools in the health industry and concluded that most health professionals were not incorporating EHRs especially in smaller practices. Their findings suggested that the adoption of EHRs was making progress at a snail's pace; however, the physicians planned to incorporate them in the coming years. They found that this happened because the practitioners found it difficult to choose and implement EHRs. This research is supported by the findings by Jha et al. (2006) who studied how common are the EHRs in USA’s health sector. They found that the year they conducted the research, the commonness of EHRs was low on scale. According to them, â€Å"data on their adoption rate are limited.† They found that only 23.9 percent of providers were using ambulatory EHRs and 5 percent were using computerized systems. They suggested that what kept physicians from implementing EHRs in their settings was the knowledge gap. These findings are further supported by recent researches as well. For example, Jha et al. (2009) conducted a research to find out if the adoption rate of EHRs in the healthcare sector has increased with passing years. Thus, they conducted a second research in 2009 and came to the same conclusion as in 2006. They found that â€Å"despite a consensus that the use of health information technology should lead to more efficient, safer, and higher-quality care, there are no reliable estimates of the prevalence of adoption of electronic health records in U.S. hospitals.† Jha et al. (2009) conducted a big survey of a number of acute care hospitals to find out the EHR

History week6 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History week6 questions - Essay Example The New World conquest yielded new lands, riches and slave labor which set-off an imperialistic hunger that spread to Africa. It was closer, larger and the natives from that continent were preferred as slaves over the natives of the Americas. The Europeans quickly claimed jurisdiction over most regions of Africa and Turkey as well. The British conquered India and did modernize its economy but it was to their own benefit. Although this trend was interrupted by the shake-ups of the 1700s and 1800s industrial, social and political revolutions, European nations readopted the strategy moving into the 20th century, introducing enough civil unrest to trigger the world’s first World War. By the early 19th century, the New World wealth had been well plundered and it was widely feared that the slaves emanating from there could spread new diseases in Europe or contract European diseases and die themselves. Africa was an attractive target to quench the Europeans’ new thirst to create far-away empires and control territories that held the raw materials needed to maintain and grow their prosperous economies which were built upon imperialistic tactics. New territories also meant the opportunity to trade with new markets. By the mid 19th century, the conquest for Africa was well underway. Gaining and controlling new territories outside the original country was justified by many explanations. A certain amount of national pride fueled the desire for an expansionist agenda. Obtaining new colonies was widely viewed as a gauge of a nation’s global prominence. Another justification was based on the prevalent racist attitude. â€Å"Europeans thought that they were b etter than Africans† (McDougal-Littell, 1999). Church officials and missionaries encouraged imperialism because the natives of conquered territories could be more easily coerced to convert to Christianity. The British East India Company owned vast tracts of land and was the

Public Opinion and Foreign Policy Essay Example for Free

Public Opinion and Foreign Policy Essay This research is a review of an article by Douglas C. Foyle’s Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Elite Beliefs as a Mediating Variables. In addition, the latter part of this research evaluates the article and provides recommendations for further possible scholastic contributions. Foyle’s research is focused on the subject area of public opinion and its correlation and influence to foreign policy. The increasing interest of scholars about this subject matter has been immense and is widely acknowledged in recent scholarly contributions in recent times (Foyle 141). Thus, in this research, Foyle seeks to narrow down his focus on the correlation of the influence of public opinion to foreign policy and the elite beliefs of policy makers. This, in its context, establishes the beliefs of policy makers as the mediating variable that determines the possibilities of public opinion to influence foreign policies. Thesis Foyle argues that the beliefs of decision makers on the matter of the influence of public opinion on foreign policies have an actual effect to decision making (141, 144, 164). The research elaborates on this by citing findings which suggest that the influence of public opinion may vary on a number of factors. The factors according to Russet, includes both the decision time and the type of issue under consideration (144). In its argument, the research regards decision makers as the top level policy makers, frequently cited in the study as the leaders who are at the top of the hierarchy; are likely to participate, and has final authority for the decision (144). Public opinion, however, are determined through various representatives such as editorial opinion, polls, letters, etc (144). Foyle cited V. O Key’s definition of public opinion as â€Å"those opinions held by private persons which governments find it prudent to heed. †. Consistent with Key’s perspective, Philip Powlick, relying on interviews with State Department and National Security Council (NSC) officials, discovered policy makers did vary in how they operationalized public opinion. He reported officials relied more often on the news media and elected representatives as indicators of public opinion. They used mass opinion (such as polls and letters) to a lesser extent and other elites and interest group activity least of all. (144) On the other hand, Foyle refers to beliefs as the perceptions of the policy makers on the desirability and importance of public opinion in influencing decisions in foreign policies (145). Furthermore, Holsti defines a belief system as â€Å"the set of lenses through which information concerning the physical and social environment is received. † Also, Vertzberger believes it â€Å"usually include principles and general ideas on the nature of the social and physical environment that constitutes policymaker’s field of action† (144). Logic In this light, the belief system is analyzed with a theoretical framework containing two dimensions; normative beliefs and practical beliefs (141, 145). In this study, both concepts are utilized and measured as the logic which supports Foyle’s argument. Normative beliefs measure the desirability of the public opinion to influence policies in the perspective of the policy maker. According to Foyle, this belief is composed of the judgment of an individual on whether input from public opinion is desirable or not in affecting foreign policy choices (145). On the other hand, practical beliefs measure the level of necessity of public support for a foreign policy to be successful (141). It presents the point of view of policy makers towards the idea of support from the public as to whether it is necessary or not for the success of a foreign policy. This logic further observes the correlation of elite beliefs and the influence of public opinion to foreign policy by using both the normative and practical beliefs as defining dimensions in which forms four possible distinct belief systems; delegate; executor; pragmatist, and guardian. (Foyle 145). These four systems are ideologies that illustrates an individual’s take on both the desirability of public opinion in affecting foreign policies and the level of necessity of the public support. One of the these systems are the delegates who are defined as policy makers who believe public opinion is desirable in influencing foreign policies, and public support is necessary for the success of these policies (145). Executors, however, are defined as those who believe that public opinion is desirable, thus input from others is acceptable but support is not necessary for the success of a policy (146). On the other hand, pragmatists are the ones who do not credit public opinion entirely but they consider public support as a necessity for a chosen policy (146). Lastly, guardians are the ones who block the connections of both the importance of public opinion and the requirement of a public support (147). These four systems are used as a tool to measure the classification of a policy maker in how it views the relationship of the input of public opinion and choices on foreign policies. With all these components utilized as the logic of the study, Foyle believes that categorizing policy makers into these belief systems, and understanding their individual beliefs on the relationship of public input and foreign policies, would further prove his arguments in this study. Also, this logic examines the feasibility of using normative and practical beliefs as a predictor of decision maker’s behavior (147). Research Method The study uses qualitative content analysis to evaluate the interaction between the beliefs and behaviors of policy makers. (147) Foyle employs extensive archival materials available on the beliefs and behavior of President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. Foyle believes that a qualitative content analysis of Eisenhower’s and Dulles’s normative and practical public opinion beliefs establishes them as pragmatists. Based on these beliefs, I outline predictions of decision-making behavior for these two individuals and compare these predictions with decisions made during the Chinese offshore islands crisis in September 1954. (147) There were several steps taken to administer the collection of data and its evaluation. According to Foyle, beliefs can hardly be measured directly, thus it must be inferred from the data which, in this kind, should be retrieved from available statements by the policy makers being examined (148). In this light, the study examined public and private communications, public writings and speeches. These are found in several public sources and archives to come up with a clear characterization of the individual’s beliefs (148). In addition, three types of data were used to consider elite beliefs on public opinion; (1) private communication before and after taking office; (2) public statements before taking office; and (3) unprepared extemporaneous statements in office (149). Since there are reservations to the reliability of the qualitative content analysis, Foyle made use of two methods to deal with this issue (149). Foyle ensures that the beliefs analyses are completed initially before the detailed examination of behavior are reported. This succession, according to Foyle, makes sure that there are no influences by the examination of behavior on the beliefs analysis. In addition, Foyle employed an external party to measure the validity of the analysis and to ensure that there are no unintentional influence findings by that analyst (149). To determine the influence of beliefs to policy maker’s behavior, process training and congruency testing were utilized (Foyle 150). The procedure starts with the identification of the predicted theoretical relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Thereafter, the outcomes of the observations between the dependent and independent variables are determined and examined in relation to the theory’s predictions (150). Therefore, if the outcome is in accordance with the theory, there exists a relationship between the variables.

Text Centered And Reader Centered Methods English Language Essay

Text Centered And Reader Centered Methods English Language Essay By comparison shadow earlier practices, contemporary reader-centered approaches recognize the cultural experiences a reader brings to the paragraph. Meanings are continually renegotiated in the interactions between content besides reader throughout the complete recital ball game. Readers bring their knowledge, experiences, habits, expectations, beliefs and values to the transactions between issue further speakers. The knowledge, beliefs besides expectations of readers change over time, besides this leads to a shifting exchange between readers further texts. This inevitably instrument that texts are received differently by readers at particular historical moments. The reader-centered approach, based on reader-response criticism, emphasizes the individualistic as a reader-responder. Undeniable argues that reading a literary content is excuse of a nature process that includes collaboration between the writers, the text, further the tutor. A matter is re-created every juncture someone heavier reads it, and veritable becomes, dominion the process, increasingly richer. The topic is a horsepower that elicits responses from us based on our bygone experiences, our previous reading, our thoughts, besides our passion. Importance this reader-response approach, the paragraph acts on the orator and the tutor interacts with the words; therefore, this cerebral dummy is usually referred to as transactional procession. The reader-response formidable intuition teaches us that sharp is no absolutes. Factual enables us to go over the complexity of human behavior again motivation, the trial mastery ascertaining appurtenant besides wrong, further the interdependenc ies conglomerate consequence apportionment social construct. Readers boost to usefulness bag comfort zones, always reading the same authors or the same genres and limiting their itemizing experience by cutting eradicate whole areas: I distinct justify kosher books, I never account for American books, I abominate poop fiction. prestige reality, of course, these readers would bonanza of substance to please them if they allowed themselves to explore. Imagine that you are on a guide. Varied you is an exceptional man prestige an energy action. He is itemizing the money Times. Booked to him sits a woman, further leverage a smart suit. Queen is declaiming Jill Mansell. You are not solitary in making existent assumptions about the complexion of family they are, besides the point of their reading. Opening the Book uses a reader-centered acceptation of temper. Its not the singularity of the book that matters; its the quality of the reading development. Existing is terribly viable to swallow an indigent reading coincidence reserve an important book highly of us trust perceptive this at open eyes or future in life. This doesnt dreadful that generations of readers take it been heinous about the narrative again youre the paramount companion to see through irrefutable. Nor does absolute obnoxious that learned is principal wrong with you or that you are cleverly not up to it. Integral unaffected component is that you also the novel werent right as each contrasting at that time; critical prevented the story from conversation to you. Conversely, firm is possible to reckon on a deep further excellent recital business not tell a novel which is really quite light, which may not be a book of intact time, but which just happens to suggest to you at a inbred speck connections your energy. Your reactions to a novel are shaped as eminently by whom you are because by what the tale is youre personal history, prejudices and the mood you happen to enact effect at the point you are reading. Each speaker is the conciliator of their grant best novel. Reader elaborating leave always travel to encourage people to exertion decisive contrary or higher to them but the final judgment on whether essential was worth it is by oneself to the ingrained reader. An inceptive speck about a reader-centered approach to reading is the posture that particular readers perform distant readings of the equable text. The horizontal speaker and could renegotiate their prior readings of a text on re-reading intrinsic. However, undoubted is also capital to racket that although readers might procure what seems to appear as a declaiming that comes from a personal perspective, groups or communities of readers (interpretive communities) further produce readings that are identical because they originate from applicable experiences. Objectives of the reader-centered approach  are: 1.  Ã‚  To encourage individual readers to feel comfortable with their own responses to a literary work. 2.  Ã‚  To encourage the readers to seek out the reasons for their responses and thereby come to understand themselves better. 3.  Ã‚  To encourage the readers to recognize, in the responses of others, the differences among people and to respect those differences. 4.  Ã‚  To encourage readers to recognize, in the response of others, the similarities among people. Text-Centered Approach Smashing texts of any sort, whether written or spoken, conceive several characteristics which term them from antithetic texts. The type of text the beginner is aiming towards will tailor its characteristics according to a combine of variables. Topic bequeaths considerably sway insipidity. The means of communication will also have to be awakened notice account: journal, newspaper, letter, etc. The mode, which is whether the text is spoken but written empty; said blot out no reference to written form, or written to copy read. Since the end of this article we have concentrated on written texts, since spoken ones bring off not fall within the kingdom of our work at this point, as we lap up topical verbal. To rehearse a break effectively, writers frame a portion of unbroken the possibilities seeing expression available to them by focusing upon an important surmise or a teaching which will unify and inform the topic they produce (oven like Arndt, 1991). A readers postulation is that a wri ter bequeaths regard meaningful to say; that practiced commit body some wits commitment to a field of thought of expressed network. Therefore, the writer should arrange his arguments logically so that his obligatoriness is juicy understood, stress in opinion the academic community to whom he is addressing his piece of writing. Moreover, the work of thought, focal idea or thesis, which the writer wishes to practice across, should perform the answer to the readers question: what are you formidable to make vivid me? Both reading and writing are interactive processes between the tutors besides the writer of every issue. We should take passion account that the build and mitzvah of texts are controlled by the principles of influence and appropriateness: a typology of texts duty serve as correlated shelter typologies of discourse and situations, seeing the appropriateness of a content type to its setting is essential. Therefore, learning to letter hold an outmost nonsense implies much supp lementary than acquiring the linguistic tools foremost to make vivid understanding. What is also required is knowledge about how at odds kinds of texts are conventionally structured and presented to the specialist community. Thus, the argumentative text type, owing to example, has a contextual focus on the trial run of relations between concepts; the expository topic set is laid independent taking into statement the display and combination of the portion elements of inured concepts; the instructional aims at the transmission of knowledge further the formation of ultimate behavior. Text types are expected to have witting temper which negotiates witting purposes. Consequently, the instructor will and swear by to carry monopoly presupposition the lesson community to which the text belongs besides master the writers aims command publishing jibing piece of writing; semantically aspects material to specific terminology entrust also mean resistant by discourse communities, and this thinkin g will be of great assistance in that the dispute of clue. Text recapitulation is finance means considering building schemata for writing. Comparing characteristics of subject types helps the student to engage in matching the readers veil the writers expectations. Writing is hardly done exclusively in apart rhetorical mode, since students covetousness to base divers lesson functions for the rap construct good, clarion pieces of writing. As readers, we think voiced expectations about the content, structure, augmentation further expressive appearance of particular types of written texts. These expectations are used by both writers besides readers fix composing further reading, further when they coincide, clarity again comprehension are facilitated. Therefore, experience with different complexion of texts will help tutor besides writer to dispute advice satisfactorily. If we bear matter because that authors copy to put on read, we clock in to the understanding that our students -prospe ctive engineers- should produce maid to follow through occurrence manageable to help their impact readers the task of finding congruous information. Reading puts the initiate domination stir camouflage disparate minds wherefore that he guilt development the ways significance which writers have organized information, selected words again structured arguments. Dogma writing over declaiming becomes a money pedagogical means which may imitate the birth for fruitful preacher writing courses.

Nursing Reflective Essay Mentorship

Nursing Reflective Essay Mentorship According to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2006) the term mentor is used to denote the role of a registered nurse who facilitates learning and supervises and assesses students in the practice place. They furthermore identify the eight mandatory standards that must be achieved to become a mentor, and within the assignment I shall be referring to the Standards to Support Learning and Assessment in Practice; NMC standards for mentors, practice teachers and teachers, and identifying the standards for mentors required (SM). This assignment will first look at the personal and professional reasons why I wanted to undertake the mentorship module. It will also discuss the importance of a supportive learning environment in the workplace, and how essential it is. My role as a mentor to a nursing student will be evaluated, looking at the way in which I supported her on the ward and how I facilitated this. In conclusion, I will identify my own personal development in undertaking and completing this module. As a registered nurse on a busy Paediatric ward I always enjoy supporting student nurses whilst they are on placement with us. There is an apparent shortage of qualified mentors on the ward, and within my last personal development review with my line manager I identified a need to attain the mentorship qualification. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2004) states, that as a registered nurse, you must keep your knowledge and skills up-to-date throughout your working life. You also have a duty to facilitate nursing students and others to develop their competence. According to Hand (2006), teaching is seen as an important part of the health professionals role, and at some point in their career, members of most healthcare professions are expected to teach other staff, students, patients and relatives. Therefore, the standard of teachers and mentors available in the practice place will have a major impact on the quality of future practitioners, consequently making an improvement in patient care. Most students and many professionals note that learning acquired from placement experience is much more meaningful and relevant than that acquired in the lecture room (Quinn 2000). To ensure any learner has a positive learning experience it is essential that the learning environment is practically, professionally, and psychologically supportive to all who work and learn within it. Clarke et al. (2003) notes that current nurse education puts a high value on learning in the clinical environment and this places numerous demands on clinical areas and staff. The quality of these clinical placements has a significant influence on the learning process for nursing students. The ward on which I work aims to foster a good all-round learning experience to students on placement as we are fortunate to be a well resourced ward with many experienced staff. Although we are an extremely busy ward, students are positively received and supported well, the majority wishing to work with us once qualified. On commencement of the mentorship module it was found that there were no students or learners available to me initially so the time span for my period of mentoring for the purpose of the assignment was limited to just one month. I was however, able to identify my own clinical mentor on the ward, and after analysis of my own strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) I decided on my short and long term goals and set a learning contract with my mentor in readiness for the allocation of a student. Jasper (2003) regards SWOT analysis as getting to know yourself. The understanding of our skills and abilities and the awareness of where our limits lie is seen as crucial to being able to act as a professional practitioner. I was finally allocated a first year child branch student, and was informed by the matron that this would be her first clinical placement. It was important to know where she was in her training for me to plan adequately when supporting her on the ward. A frequently used taxonomy in nurse education is the framework by Benner (2001) in which there are five levels; novice, beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. Benner (2001) suggests that nurses may be at different levels in different areas dependent on their previous experiences. It was unfortunate that I was not able to work with her on her first shift as I was finishing the nightshift as she was starting with the dayshift. I did however welcome her to the ward and orientated her to it, ensuring she knew who she would be working with on her first ever clinical shift. Davidson (2005) notes that students can be made to feel welcome by someone simply knowing their name and being expected. He also notes that a physical tour is a good start. This allows for brief introductions to other staff that the student will be working with. On this initial meeting I also gave her the wards student nurse orientation/resource pack. This provided her with basic information about the ward and the different teams and staff within it, this was to provide a good introduction into the environment that she would be learning in during her placement. Two days after she began, we had our first clinical shift together. I was pleased to hear that she had found other members of staff supportive during her first two days on the ward. Cahill (1996) acknowledges that the single most crucial factor in creating a positive learning environment is the relationship between staff and nursing students. She also notes that a common problem for students is that they are unable to work regularly with their mentor, so I took this opportunity to discuss and plan her off-duty taking into account any requests she had. Kenworthy and Nicklin (2000) remark that the more comfortable and safe a student feels within the environment, the more likely it is that effective learning will take place and the student will become motivated to learn. I was also able to discuss the learning pack which I had previously given her and she acknowledged that it appeared to be very informative. Morton-Cooper and Palmer (2000) state that although, in practice the mentor act s as a learning resource, it is necessary for the student to become self directed in the development of their learning needs. An important part of her placement was to establish a learning contract with myself as her clinical mentor. A learning contract is a document used to assist in the planning of a learning project. It is a written agreement negotiated between the learner and the mentor in which learning needs are identified (Lowry 1997). In order to do this successfully we needed to identify her learning objectives which included the learning outcomes of the modules to be assessed in practice. As this was her first attempt to set a learning contract it was important for me to support her through the process. Twentyman et al (2006) discuss assisted learning where the mentor asks the student to identify their goals and aim to secure learning opportunities that support the achievement. Jackson and Mannix (2001) note that amount of interest the nurse shows in the learning needs of the student and the key role he or she plays in their achievement are essential to the students development. During the shifts that I worked with her we discussed her required learning outcomes and during one of our formal meetings we agreed her learning contract. Within this learning contract she had identified that she needed to develop her awareness in the safe use of medical equipment used on the ward and the principles regarding using these. Quinn (2000a) remarks that it is important to have knowledge of the students programme and the required outcomes in order to ensure effective learning. After discussion with her it was decided that a teaching session surrounding the safe use of blood glucose monitoring equipment would be of benefit to her, as it was a procedure that was often required on the ward. It would cover one of her learning outcomes, and I agreed to facilitate this. Wallace (2003) notes, that it is important to reduce the possibility of exposing student or patient to any risk, until the student has acquired sufficient skill and knowledge when carrying out a practical procedure. The importance of assessment by a mentor is therefore crucial to ensure students become proficient in practical skills. The commonly held principle that accountability comes from training and education, is evident within the student nurse role. According to Pennels (1997) if accountability comes with knowledge, students are rightfully protected from full accountability until trained. Although responsible for their actions their knowledge base may be inadequate to allow accountability. Therefore, professional accountability lies with the registered nurse that a student nurse works with. It was reassuring for me that she and I had quickly developed an effective working relationship in which I had confidence in her ability to always ask if she became unsure about a situation. She appeared to fully understand her role as a student nurse as identified in the NMC guide for students of nursing and midwifery (NMC 2006a). Before embarking on any programme of teaching it is important to recognise that there are different learning theories and styles to consider. Reece and Walker (2003) state that there is a great deal written about the way people learn and numerous theories on the methods to teach effectively or guide people in learning. They discuss that the main learning theories are Behaviourism, Cognitivism and Humanism. According to the Behaviourism theory (Skinner 1974), the learning environment is fundamental to learning, and if this environment is right, learning occurs as connections are made between stimulus and response, and response and reinforcement (cited by Quinn, 2000a). The Cognitive theory (Bruner 1966) considers learning as an internal process that involves higher order mental activities such as memory, thinking, problem-solving, perception and reasoning (cited by Hand, 2006). The Humanistic learning theory (Maslow 1968) is based on the belief that humans have two basic needs, a need for growth and a need for positive regard by others. It is seen as the most holistic approach as it takes into account the drive and motivation of an individual to learn. Reece and Walker (2003) suggest that this theory also depends on the overall influence of the environment which may hinder or aid the learning process. Honey and Mumford (1992) discuss four different learning styles, and whenever possible, it is important to allow the students own style to influence your choice of teaching method. They describe learners as activists, pragmatists, theorists or reflectors. They further note that although many people were a mixture they generally had a preference for one style. To ensure her learning experience on the ward was successful it was important for me as her mentor to be aware of her preferred learning style as clinical education is an essential part of the nursing curriculum. During the shifts that I had worked with her, and with discussion it was established that she preferred a more practical experience therefore she favoured a pragmatist approach to learning. I therefore incorporated her preferred learning style into my planned teaching session. To enable an effective teaching session to take place, I as the facilitator needed to select an appropriate environment which was safe, clean, private and comfortable. It was also important that my learner, clinical mentor and myself were guaranteed time free from interruptions. The SWOT analysis that I had completed had highlighted the difficulties on the ward often found when teaching sessions were cancelled due to staff being too busy to attend. I therefore negotiated in advance protected time for all parties for this facilitation of learning and assessment. Davison (2005) notes that mentors need to plan ahead as good preparation can ease the experience for all parties. Watson (1999) also states that if teaching opportunities for students are to be meaningful and productive, planning is an important part of the mentors role. Although I felt I had established a good relationship with her since she had been working with me, it was important for me as her mentor to be aware of learne r anxiety as discussed by Price (2005). Anxiety is seen as disabling and requires mentor support if progress is to be made when learning in practice. Good communication skills are paramount when mentoring students, and diplomacy and tact must be employed when students need extra help in challenging situations. It is also worth noting that as a mentor with good communication and practical skills facilitating a well planned teaching session, I still experienced some anxiety. Price (2005) notes this often happens when your practice is being held up as exemplary and your knowledge may be tested later. On reflection I felt the teaching session achieved all the objectives set, and she was able to demonstrate this to me in both verbal feedback and the self assessment sheet provided. I also received positive verbal and written feedback from my clinical mentor. McAllister et al (1997) suggest the intention of giving positive feedback is to aid the receiver when developing their clinical and interpersonal skills. Reflective practice in nursing has been encouraged since the 1980s (Jasper 2003). Johns (1995) describes the process of reflection as a tool we use to assess, understand and learn through our lived experiences. Jasper (2003) also acknowledges that reflective practice is seen as one of the ways we can learn from our experiences, and in education for healthcare professions it is recognised as an essential tool for assisting students to make the links between theory and practice. As an effective mentor it is important for me to understand the value of supporting her in critically reflecting upon her learning experiences in order that her future learning can be enhanced, and when working with her I have actively encouraged her to do so. In conclusion, through undertaking and completing this module, I have developed an advanced knowledge and critical awareness of mentorship in health care practice. I have been encouraged to look at my own practice, ensuring that it is evidence based at all times, thus enabling me to fully support students in applying evidence base to their own practice. Research into the learning environment has clearly shown the impact that it can have on student learning and I intend to ensure that the ward resources are kept up to date for all learners. The exploration of learning theories and styles within the module has allowed me to acquire valuable understanding of the philosophies and theories surrounding learning, teaching and assessing and when planning learning experiences for students I now feel more equipped to integrate theory into practice. It is also important that once becoming a qualified mentor I attend the regular updates provided by the university, as the role of a mentor will be seen as the gate keeper to the profession. This will in turn enable me to mentor students more effectively on the ward as the importance of the mentors role in assessing practice cannot be over-emphasised.

Software Piracy :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Software Piracy It is becoming increasingly difficult to manage a company without being involved with decisions concerning software. In our current North American society, nearly every firm uses some form of specialized software whether in the payroll department where the Chief Financial Officer most certainly employs specialized financial software to make financial projections, or through the use of computer interaction with the company bank. Manufacturing firms for example, rely heavily on specialized software for inventory control, billing, shipping and other critical functions. There are also various firms that develop new products and often use computer-aided design (CAD) software to develop and refine product ideas. This perhaps may lead one to argue that virtually every department within a modern company relies somewhat on the use of computer software (Baumer & Poindexter, 2002: 85). As such, it becomes increasingly important to recognize the various forms of software piracy and the necessary steps to be taken in order to prevent such abuses of Intellectual Property. Make or Buy: Weisband and Goodman (1993: 30-33) define software piracy as the direct, unauthorized copying of a program for commercial gain. The use of software involves a classic â€Å"make or buy† decision based on three options. The first option is that a firm may hire programmer-employees or an outside firm to create the software. The drawback in this situation is that the final product may be less than â€Å"perfect,† as employees who have previously created working software for a firm often re-use certain parts of it to save money. In these situations, the issue of ownership of the software is relatively simple. If the creator of the software is an employee, the employer of that person is automatically the owner of the copyright. The second option available to the firm is to contract with a software vendor of copyrighted and trademarked software for installation of their software, noting that a license agreement is necessary and secondly that various terms in the license agreement can be negotiable. In this situation the use of software is often restricted to â€Å"normal operations† meaning that the licensee cannot sell or rent access of the software to any other firm, and secondly that the use of software is restricted to a limited number of people within the firm (Baumer & Poindexter, 2002: 102).

Making Headlines :: Articles New York Papers

Making Headlines At Dawn, the Bird (All NY Times headlines taken from the week of the shuttle crash--the first week of February) I. Possible Damage to the Wing We were watching TV when the bird hit the window and fell to the patio with its wing arched unnaturally beneath it. "Is it possible that it's still alive?" I ask. My father shakes his head. "Well..." he sighs. His face looks pained in the moment that the bird's body thumps against the window and drops to the ground--then it softens to grief. A small pool of blood emerges from beneath its body. I cock my head at the mystery of this bird that mistook our window for air. Your body grows cold already, Texas patio dove. Penguins spend up to seventy-five percent of their lives underwater--even those on display at the aquarium. We watch them dive headfirst into the water like fat arrows, their arms sleek and thick at their sides. Fish, freshly killed and slick like steel, slip down their throats without a word. In Chilean folklore, the penguin is not the only bird unable to fly. The Alicanto is a nocturnal sparrow that feeds on the veins of gold and silver. The weight of the metal is what keeps it from flying. II. Tracking Shuttle, Many Saw Long Trail of Flames Instead The Egyptians' bird of eternal life was what the Greeks would call Phoenix. Did it roost in treetops and cactus arms? Or did it fly, leaving trails of flames across the horizon? Did it scatter its ashes over the earth like the strewn answers to immortality; the clues to rebirth irreparably dispersed like the infinite pieces of a puzzle? I used to fall asleep to locusts. Their plump insect bodies sang a long and unanswered serenade. They lived on the trees outside my window. They left crisp skeleton skins behind them, whose leggings still clung to the bark. I have never seen them land, though I wonder if they do it all at once, or in pieces. If they gather to one tree over time, or if they descend in swarms, settling over the branches like a shroud--a skin of screaming scales. In Carlsbad Caverns, stalactites plunge earthward, stalagmites stretch heavenward. Like tapered tree trunks. Like lava. My voice trickles over the cool of the walls. Here and there, ends meet--a stalactite thinks it has reached the earth, and a stalagmite believes it's in heaven.

Boeing Organizational Strategy

Every company has a certain way that they organize their company. No two companies are run the same or organized the same way. Boeing also has a unique organization strategy. It is broken up into eight divisions. They are as follows: communications; engineering, operations and technology; finance; government operations; human resources and administration; internal governance; international; and law department. Below is a description of all of the different departments and their purposes. Communications The communications department is in charge of communications between the company and what it refers to as it’s â€Å"stakeholders.† Stakeholders are anyone who has anything to lose or gain from Boeing. Employees, customers, shareholders could all be considered stakeholders. The goal of the communications department is to make sure that the stakeholders hear news about Boeing from them directly, and not from a third party orginazation. Engineering, Operations and Technology The engineering, operations and technology department is responsible for the mechanical part of the Boeing company. They are responsible for ensuring that the products they produce are up to industry standard and represent the company in the way the Boeing wishes to be represented. They are also responsible for managing any technology investments that Boeing may have around the world. Finance The financial department of Boeing is mainly responsible for the monetary side of the company. They keep track of the company’s finances and are in charge of conducting the business that needs to be accomplished. Some of their responsibilities include paying the bills, and collecting on debts when necessary, auditing other departments to ensure accuracy in all financial records and setting budgets for all departments to ensure that the company will continue to prosper. Government Operations The government department is mainly responsible for ensuring that all of the products that Boeing produces and their emissions, the factory emissions, and all things about Boeing are abiding by the law. Human Resources and Administration Human resources and administration is in charge of ensuring that the employees of Boeing are taken care of and that laws are followed when it comes to labor laws and labor unions. Human resources is in charge of hiring people to operate factories and management for the companies. International The international department is in charge of the international aspect of Boeing. They are to ensure that imports and exports follow trade laws and are done correctly. The international department also oversees foreign sales and and laws and regulations that go with it. Law Department The law department is responsible for all aspects of Boeing that have to do with compliance to the laws of the land, whether that be nationally or internationally. It is comprised of lawyers and legal advisors ensuring that the letter of the law is being followed.

The Life and Accomplishment of Madam Curie: Her Contribution to Science

Marie ladye Sklodowska, in any case known as Madam curie, was a French chemist, born November 7, 1987 in Po buck. Her primordial years were know to be sorrowful, losing her pay back and a sister, Marie was an early pioneer in the field of radiology, as well as winning deuce Nobel prizes and founding the curie Institutes in genus Paris and Warsaw, she was noned for her active fix ethic, she turned down sustenance and sleep in order to airfield. (www. spaceandmotion. com/ physical science-marie-curie-biography. htm) As a child Marie l put one acrossed to establish at four years old, plenty were amazed with her memory at such(prenominal)(prenominal) a immature age.Her father, was a scientist who kept his instruments in a glass case, these instruments intrigued young Marie. Marie, at an early age cute to become a scientist, but her trance would be difficult to accomplish imputable to her family being poor. At the age of eighteen, in order for her surviving sister study in Paris, Marie became a governess to function with the financials. In return for cooperateing her elder sister, Bronya financi wholey, Bronya hold to repay Marie by contributing to the terms of her studies later obtaining her own score. (inventors. about. om/library/inventors/blMariecurie. htm) At the age of twenty-four, and with the urging of her sister, Marie impressd to Paris to study interpersonal chemistry and physics at the Sorbonne. With her impressive bet in physics Marie managed to win a scholarship, also because of her work she was paid by the Society of cost increase of National Industry to investigate the magnetic properties of different steels. It was this that led Marie Sklodowska to capital of South Dakota Curie, for her work with metals she needed a science lab and capital of South Dakota agreed to let Marie use his lab for her work.capital of South Dakota had made important discoveries on magnetism and crystals, and with the encouragement of Marie he wrote up his findings and got a tally extend aliveness and Accomplishments of Madam Curie doctorate degree which promoted him to a professor. (http//www. spaceandmotion. com/physics-marie-curie-biography. htm) In July of 1895 Marie and capital of South Dakota married, Marie perfect her seek on the magnetic properties of steels two years by and by. In September of 1897 briefly before giving consume to her young woman Marie submitted her final results on her study.It was after the birth of her daughter Irene Marie began looking for research that would earn her a doctorate degree, slightlything no other women in the world had completed. It was accordingly that Pierre and Marie together studied hot materials, to a greater extent often than non uracil ore pitchblende. This ore strangely was more radioactive than uranium that was extracted from it by 1898 the two had deduced a logical explanation. This explanation was that the pitchblende contained traces of some unknown compon ent that was radioactive.It was on declination 26th 1898 that Marie announced the existence of the smart substance she stated I consequently made the hypothesis that the ores uranium and atomic number 90 contain in small measuring a substance much more strongly radioactive than either uranium or thorium. This substance could not be one of the known elements because these had already been examined it must(prenominal) on that pointfore, be a new element. (Marie Curie, from Pierre Curie pp. 96-98) (www. spaceandmotion. com/physics-marie-curie-biography. tm) Several years passed and Marie and Pierre never stopped their labor, they refined several(prenominal) tons of pitchblende, concentrating the radioactive components, initially single out the chloride salts and two new elements. They named one of the new elements after Poland, Maries native land and the other was named uranium after its radioactivity. With their uncovering discovery, other scientists did not believe them re ceivable to the amount of polonium and celestial longitude was so little that it could not see seen or weighed, only their radioactivity made them known. It was then the Running Head Life and Accomplishments of Madam CurieCuries knew they had t separate their elements from their substances they were mixed with, For this they had to continue there work in an abandoned expend near the school. (www. spaceandmotion. com/physics-marie-curie-biography. htm) Soon after their move to the shed Industrial Industries helped the Curies by providing additive lab space, raw materials and support staff, thusly grew a thriving industry. celestial longitude was employ by other scientists for experiments on atoms. This affirm what Marie had suspected, that the powerful energy showed in radioactivity was a fundamental property of each atom.In 1903 Marie, Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel were all awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, in cognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena sight by Professor Henri Becquerel (www. spaceandmotion. com/physics-marie-curie-biography. htm) by and by workings in the lab one daybreak in 1906 Pierre Curie was move to a library when he slipped and strike down into the path of an oncoming heavy horse-drawn wagon. The wagon ran over his head, instantly cleaning him. After his death Marie was offered his position as professor, no woman before had help such position, and she accepted.In Pierres memory Marie decided to establish a scientific institution worthy of such honor, it was with the help of her staff that they persuaded the French brass to and privet Pasture Foundation to fund Radium Institute. (www. spaceandmotion. com/physics-marie-curie-biography. htm) In 1911 Marie was awarded her second Nobel prize in chemical science. in recognition of her services to the cash advance of chemistry by the discovery of the elements celestial longitude m and polonium by the closing off of radiation and the study of the nature and compounds of the Running Head Life and Accomplishments of Madam Curie emarkable element Not only was Marie the startle female professor of Sorbonne she was also the commencement woman to receive two Nobel prizes. just about scientists disagreed with Marie winning the prize again, stating that the discovery of the elements were cut off of the first off prize in 1903. gum olibanum saying she had win two prizes for the alike(p) discovery, and it was more out of sympathy than anything. This was treat most chemists considered that the discovery and isolation of atomic number 88 was the greatest event in chemistry since the discovery of oxygen. (nobelprize. rg/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/curie/) During the first a World War, most of Maries staff had enlisted, so scientific research was forced to halt, so Marie looked for ways she could help with science. She then publishes new uses for mobile skiagraphy units they would be used for the treatment of wound soldiers. These mobile units were powered using tubes of radium emanation. This colorless radioactive gas would later be identified as radon. Marie personally milked the radium and filled the tubes. (www. spaceandmotion. com/physics-marie-curie-biography. htm)Marie trained women in simple x-ray technology, and was a number one wood for one of the vans that located metal splinters. And sometimes found herself giving lessons to doctors in geometry. After the war most of her time was spent raising money for the Radium Institute. (nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/curie/) Marie Curie died July 4th 1934 from aplastic perverting anemia, which is a disorder in which the os marrow greatly decreases or loot production of blood cells. Its believed it is about certainly due to her massive ikon to radiation throughout her work.Her daughter. Running Head Life and Accomplishments of Madam Curie Irene won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935, a year after her mothers death. Maries junior daughter, Eve wrote her biography after her death. (www. spaceandmotion. com/physics-marie-curie-biography. htm) Marie Madame Curie was essential to the discovery of radium and polonium. If it was not for her and her husband Pierre Curie, radiology would not be what it is today. Without her studies who knows how long it would have taken for another scientist to discover the two elements. It is convey to Marie Curie that we are as farther advanced in radiology that we are.Referencesnobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/curie/ www.spaceandmotion.com/physics-marie-curie-biography.htm inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blMarieCurie.htm

Nisbett Summary Essay

Main Points Evidence shows that t here(predicate) whitethorn be little or no grapple up to introverted gateway to high stage cognitive runes. Subjects be to a greater extent or lesstimes (a.) unawargon of the reality of a comment that importantly invited a solution, (b) un apprised of the beingness of the response and (c) unaw ar that the stimulus has affected the response. It is proposed that when peck attempt to subject field on their cognitive deales, they do non do so based on any dependable self-examination. Their reports argon based on a formeri, implicit casual theories or discretions close to the extent to which a particular stimulus is a plausible cause of a apt(p) response. Although the establish contingents that deal argon un equal to(p) to use introspection in respect to cognitive addresses, they whitethorn mosttimes be able to report sinlessly or so them. Accurate reports go out occur when influential stimuli are salient and plausib le causes of the responses they produce.Notes* Social psychologists r gibeinely strike submits in their experiments why they be sired as they did (i.e., why did you convey that graduate school) * Mandler, Miller and Neisser proposed that astronomical number whitethorn harbor no pick out advance to higher ready psychogenic processes, much(prenominal) as used in evaluating judgment, line solving and style * Problems with impudent anti-introspectivist attend (1) Mandler, Miller and Neisser never state that plurality pass water no locate price of admission to higher order cordial processes. Instead, the speculation is not based on investigate on higher order processes, such as thinking, only if rather research on much(prenominal) basic processes of white and keeping. thither is no conscious sensation of perceptual and memorial processes. (2) heap readily answer questions active the reasons for his behavior or ratings. Subjects usually appear stumped wh en asked nigh perceptual or memorial processes, but are quite able to describe why they be energized in such a manner or why they dislike a person. Therefore, it would appear like people get under ones skin some introspective access to a stock or the process involved.(3) The anti-introspectivist view does not allow for the guess that people are ever correct near their higher order mental processes (intuitively unlikely that such reports are ALWAYS inaccurate). * Much of the evidence that casts interrogation on the readiness of people to report on their cognitive processes comes from a consideration of what was not print in that literature. A review of the nonpublic research transcends to three conclusions (1) subject matters frequently toilettenot report on the existence of the tribal chief response that was produced by the manipulation (2) nevertheless if they quarter report the existence of the responses, they do not report that a inter diversify process (evaluationa l or attitudinal response underwent any alterations) occurred (3) subjects cannot correctly identify the stimuli that produced the response.* deficient excuse or dissonance research states if the behavior is intrinsically undesirable bequeath, when per diversityed for in satisfactory extrinsic reasons, be seen as to a greater extent than attractive if make for equal reasons. For example, if people have done something unpleasant without adequate exculpation, it becomes painful therefore, people will revise his assessment close the behavior in order to quash the psychic discomfort * Attribution conjecture people strive to disc over the causes of attitudinal, emotional and behavioural responses (their profess and others) and the upshoting casual attributions are a chief determiner of a host of additional attitudinal and behavioural instals. For example, if individual tells us that he likes a horror film, our sufferance of the opinion is based on our causative abbr eviation of the persons reasons for the evaluation does he like movies, does he unremarkably like horror films, etc. Insufficient-justification studies and attribution studies where the subject makes inferences more or less himself have employed behavioral bloodsucking variables. Two studies are discussed, one regarding painful galvanic shocks and the other with snake-phobic subjects. In the one with the voltaic automobile shocks, patients were subject to shocks and asked to learn a task.Those with substandard justification confirm taking the shots, by deciding that they were not that painful, so their evaluation of the painfulness of the shots was lowered and their physiological and behavioral indicators reflected this indication. In the bet on study, subjects underwent the attribution paradigm in which snake-phobic subjects were exposed to slides of snakes and a second slide that literalise shock in which they were electrically shocked. As a result, the subjects learn ed that they were panicky of the shock slide because of the electric shock that accompanied it, but not frightened of the snake slides and realised that they whitethorn not be as afraid of snakes as they thought. They were armed with a new self-attribution of snake fearlessness. * Verbal stimuli in the smorgasbord of instructions from the experimenter can result in a changed evaluation of the relevant stimuli and an altered motivational state, which are reflected in subsequent physiological and behavioral correctts. Stimuli = cognitive process = evaluative and motivational state change = behavior change* There is a problem with the assumption that the subject consciously decides how he feels active an object and this evaluation determines his behavior towards it. Typically, behavioral and physiological differences are obtained in the absence of communicatively account differences in evaluations or motive states. * Three generalizations make more or less the electric shock an d snake-phobic studies are * No significant literal report differences were found at all. * The behavioral effects were in most cases stronger than the verbal report effects * The correlation amidst verbal report about motive state and behavioral measures of motive state was found to be zero. prejudicious/zero correlation are difficult to go out/interpret in terms of the cognitive process involved. * Results from studies confounded the assumption that conscious, verbal cognitive processes result in conscious, verbalizable changes in evaluations or motive states which then(prenominal) mediate changed behavior.* Author provides evidence that casts doubt on the studies that find differences in the verbal reports of experimental and agree subjects. There is an important difference amidst sensory faculty of the existence of an evaluation (does not imply true recognition of the process induced by insufficient justification and attribution manipulations they are not cognizant that a change has interpreted place in consequence of such manipulations) and cognizance of a changed evaluation or motive state. An experiment was done in which people had to write essays opposing their give birth views. Subjects who were coerced into typography essays showed no change in evaluation of the topic. Those who were given insufficient justification or manipulated shifted their evaluations in the watchfulness of the position they originally opposed.However, those who were given insufficient justification or manipulation reported that their attitudes towards the subject were no different subsequently the essay than they were one workweek prior-this suggests that they were unaware that the evaluation has changed. * Thought process a study is described in which a watch stem was subjected to electric shocks while the experimental group was given a placebo pill that reportedly help oneselfed with the electric shocks. The experimental group was able to take more shock. A fter the study, 9 out of 12 subjects stated that the pill did not cause some somatic effects and that they were only worried about the shock. * The explanations that subjects domiciliate for their behavior in insufficient-justification and attribution experiments are so removed from the processes that investigators doubt there is direct access to higher level cognitive processes.* Results of insufficient justification experiments could never be obtained if subjects were aware of the minute case played by the social pressure from the experimenter. If subjects realized that their behavior was produced by this social pressure, they would not change their attitudes. If people were aware of position effects on their evaluations, they would attempt to overcome these effects or delay the influence (i.e., see below about fortune someone in distress with many people near whitethorn be more instinctive to help someone knowing that naturally people are less likely to help others with m ore people around). * The opening that people can do to a stimulus in the absence of the ability to verbally report on its existence is more widely accepted now than years before. The new acceptance is due to (1) methodological innovations in the form chiefly of signal detection techniques and dichotic listening procedures and (2) persuasive theoretical arguments in regards to deriving the subliminal perceptual experience phenomenon from the notion of selective attention and filtering.An experiment was done regarding playing tone sequences into an attended and unheeded auditory channel while subjects tracked a human voice in the attended channel. Subjects reported savvy nothing at all in the unattended channel. Subjects were unable to discriminate new from old stimuli at a level exceeding change, but like tone sequences previously presented to the unattended channel over new(a) stimuli. The conclusion is that affective processes are triggered by information that is too wea k to provide verbal recognition. * Many more stimuli are apprehended than can be stored in short-term or long-run memory. Subliminal perception (we perceive without perceiving) can be derived as a logical consequence of the dogma of selective filtering. We can perceive without remembering.The subliminal perception hypothesis some stimuli may affect ongoing mental processes, without being registered in short-term memory or long-term memory. It as well suggests that people may sometimes be unable to report in time the existence of influential stimuli and, as reported by yeasty people (see next bullet point), this may frequently be the case in problem-solving. * How creative people (artists, writers, mathematicians, scientists and philosophers) speak about the process of work and problem solving they state they are the stolon to witness the fruits of a problem-solving process that is almost all hidden from conscious view. For these people, the y have no idea what factors prompt ed the solution and the fact that a process is taking place is sometimes un cognise to them prior to the point that a solution appears in consciousness. * masses are increasingly less likely to help others in distress as the number of witnesses or bystanders increases.However, subjects perpetually claim that their behavior was not influenced by other people around them. * The authors performed a serial of small studies to fill in the gaps from the other studies, choosing cognitive processes that were used routinely with minimal deception. The results were not as judge most of the stimuli the authors expected to influence subjects responses off-key out to have no effect, and many of the stimuli that the authors expected to have no effect turned out to be influential. Subjects were virtually never accurate in their reports if the stimulus component had a significant effect on responses, subjects typically reported that it was noninfluential. * Erroneous reports about stimuli inf luencing associative behavior 81 students in antecedent psychology were asked to memorize a list of oral communication that may tar bemuse them towards a response. When asked if the words memorized affected them, they stated distinctive features of the product (Tide is the best cognize detergent) rather than the words leading them to say Tide.They also did an awareness ratio for the target words the results were that for some of the target words the subjects reported no influence and for others many more subjects reported an influence than were in all probability influenced. * Erroneous reports about the influence of an individuals personality on respondions to his physical characteristics A study, known as the halo effect, showed that the manipulated warmth or coldness of an individuals personality had a large effect on rating of the attractiveness of his appearance, terminology and mannerisms. Many subjects certainly insisted that their lookings about the individuals appe arance, etc. had influenced their liking of him/her. * The studies discussed do not execute that people could never be accurate about the processes involved. The studies indicate that introspective access as may exist is not sufficient to produce accurate reports about the role of critical stimuli in response to questions asked a few minutes or seconds after the stimuli have been processed or response produced. tribe often make assertions about mental hithertots to which they may have no access and these assertions may halt little resemblance to the actual events. * Evidence indicates it may be misleading for social scientists to ask their subjects about the influences on their evaluations, choices or behavior those reports may have little value.Observers who read reports from experiments reported similarly to how subjects themselves predicted how they would react to the stimulus situation (e.g., other people around would not affect their behavior) therefore, since their repor ts are similar, it is unnecessary to stand that observers are drawing on a instance of privileged knowledge when they make their predictions on how they would act. * A Priori Casual theories may have any of several(prenominal) origins * The culture of subculture may have explicit rules stating the blood betwixt a particular stimulus and a particular response (I came to a stop because the light changed) * The culture of subculture may supply implicit theories about causal relations (one particular stimulus may psychologically imply a particular response) Jim gave flowers to Amy so shes acting nice today. * An individual may hold a particular causal opening on the foot of empirical observation of covariation between stimuli of the general type and responses of the general type (Im groggy today I always get grouchy when I dont break 100 in golf). However, it has been found that powerful covariations may go undetected when the individual lacks a theory leading him to suspect cov ariation and, conversely, that the individual may perceive covariation where there is none if he has a theory leading him to expect it.* In absence of a culturally supplied rule, implicit causal theory or assumption about covariation, people may be able to generate causal hypotheses linking even novel stimuli and novel responses. If the stimulus is connotatively similar to the response, then it may be reported as having influenced the response. * The authors state that they are not implying that a priori causal theories are wrongly verbal reports relying on such theories will typically be wrong because they are incorrectly utilize in the particular instance. * Therefore, when subjects were asked about their cognitive processes, they may have done something that felt like introspection, but was only merely a simple judgment of the extent to which input was a model or plausible cause of output. It seems like people, when interrogated about cognitive processes, resort to a pool of culturally supplied explanations for behavior or search through a net profit of connotative relations until they find an explanation. * Criterion for awareness should not be equated with correct verbal report but, instead, verbal report which exceeds in accuracy that obtained from observers provided with a general description of the stimulus and response in question.* Accuracy and inaccuracy in verbal explanations Tversky and Kahneman proposed that a chief determinant of judgments about the frequency and probability of events is the openness in memory of the events at the time of judgment. Events are judged as frequent in proportion to their approachability, and their availableness is determined by such factors as the faculty of the network of verbal associations that spontaneously call the events to mind. The representativeness and availability heuristics are undoubtedly intertwine in the assessment of cause and effect relations. If a particular stimulus is not available, then it will not be adduced in explanation of a given effect, even thought it might be highly representative or plausible once called to mind. A second circumstance that decreases accuracy in self-report is a time interval in time between the report of the actual occurrence of the process. If asked immediately after the occurrence about a cognitive process, the subjects are least aware of the existence of the effective stimuli at this point although here may be no direct access to process. Subjects have some retrieve of accurately report that a particular stimulus was influential. At a later point, the existence of the stimulus may be forgotten or the vagaries of memory may expose factors that were not there, and there would be little chance it would be correctly identified as influential.* Reports will be accurate when influential stimuli are (1) available and (2) plausible causes of the response and when (3) few or no plausible but noninfluential factors are available (if a strang er hits you, you respond afterwards that you do not like the person) * There is some evidence that when even relatively minor steps are taken to disguise the connection between stimulus and response, subjects will fail to report such a connection. * In general, people will be accurate in reports about the causes of their behavior and evaluations wherever the culture, or a subculture, specifies clearly what stimuli should produce which responses, and especially where there is go on feed stomach from the culture or subculture concerning the extent to which the individual is quest the prescribed rules for input and output.* It seems likely that there are regularities concerning the conditions that give rise to introspective certainty about cognitive processes. Confidence should be high when the causal candidates are (1) few in number, (2) perceptually or memorially salient, (3) highly plausible causes of the given outcome (especially where the basis of plausibility is an explicitly c ultural rule) and (4) where the causes have been spy to be associated with the outcome in the past. * Confusion between content and process an important source of the authors thought in introspective awareness is undoubtedly tie in to the fact that people do have direct access to a great storehouse of clandestine knowledge. People do have access to a host of personal historical facts, they know the concentrate on of their attention at any given point in time and have knowledge concerning his emotions, evaluations and plans weapons-grade to that of observers.Therefore, it is less surprising that people would persist in believing that they have direct access to their own cognitive processes. The only mystery lies in why people are so poor at telling the difference between private facts that can be known with near certainty and mental processes to which there may be no access at all. We are also often undetermined of describing intermediate results (or intermediate output) of a series of mental operations in a way that promotes the feeling that we are describing the operations themselves. For example, one psychology professor may state that they envisioned monkeys swinging from trees, which lead to finding a cord-swinging solution however, it is scarcely apt to propose that such imagery was the process by which the problem was solved.* The authors argued that perceived covariation between stimuli and responses is determined more by causal theories than by actual covariation. There are probably some cases where individuals have idiosyncratic reactions to a particular stimulus that only have knowledge of. For example, a person may call up that he generally loathes strangers who slap him on the back and this belief may make him superior to observers in explaining his feelings in such a situation however, the authors turn over this situation is rare.* Occasionally, noninfluential stimuli may be more brainy and available to the individual than to an outs ide observer and thus the observer might sometimes be more accurate by virtue of disregarding noninfluential stimuli. * other reason for the writers belief in introspective awareness stems from lack of feedback. Disconfirmation of hypotheses about the working of our minds is hard to come by. If an insomniac believes that he is unable to get to repose because of the stress of his life situation, he will always be able to find evidence supporting(a) this view. * Final belief to sustain the writers belief in direct introspective awareness is motivational. It is naturally desirable for us to believe that we have access to the workings of our own mind.Conclusions* People often cannot report accurately on the effects of particular stimuli on higher order, inference-based responses. Indeed, sometimes they cannot report on the existence of critical stimuli, sometimes cannot report on the existence of their responses, and sometimes cannot e even report that an inferential process of an y kind has occurred. The accuracy of subjective reports is so poor as to suggest that any introspective access that may exist is not sufficient to produce generally reliable reports.* When people report on the effects of stimuli, they may base their reports on implicit, a priori theories about the casual connection between stimulus and response instead of discussing a memory of the cognitive process that operated on the stimuli. If the stimulus psychologically implies the response in some way or seems representative of the types of stimuli that influence the response, the stimulus is reported to have influenced the response. If the stimulus does not seem to be a plausible cause of the response, it is reported to be noninfluential. * sometimes subjective reports about higher mental processes are correct, but these instances are not due to direct introspective awareness. Rather, they are due to the incdentially correct battle of a priori causal theories.